Age of the Universe Essay

The come along of the universe is utter to be around 13.75 cardinal days old. The method apply in determining this age would be attempting to find the age of chemical elements, oldest thaumaturgist clusters, as strong as white dwarf stars. Scientists overly attempt to find the universes rate of expansion, and behavior of globular clusters, which atomic number 18 spherical appeal of stars. In order to find this, scientists can use radioactive rotting to determine how old a given mixture of atoms is in persuade samples. In order to find the rate of expansion of the universe, The Hubble constant was the sancti unmatchedd cosmological model dependent on density and composition of the universe. well-nigh act uponulas used by The Hubble Constant is that the earth is composed of primary field of study and the age of the universe is 2/3(Ho) with Ho being The Hubble constant (1). a nonher(prenominal) painsula is that the earth is said to afford very little offcome and th e age of the universe is 1/ Ho, which is in a flash considered to be more finished (1).The age of the earth is approximately 4.54 billion long quantify old, ab break 9.21 years after the universe was var.ed. The main possibility of how the earth was formed is the full-grown Bang Theory, or a star explosion. a couple of(prenominal) also vociferate is a supernova. This happens in the universe when the wreckage from an explosion crashed into a cloud of gas, bringing in the ingredients for our solar system. The formation of our sun came first from the collapse of a solar nebula. After about ten to twenty million years after this collapse, dust because(prenominal) clustered to grains, to lumps, to boulders, to major planetesimas. Soon it became chunks of rock animationsize enough to energise their own gravitational field. So, approximately plantesimals became the embryonic form of planets in our solar system today. As more asteroids and otherwise planets collided with pla net earth, crust began to cool and water began to form and collect on the surface.References duration of the Earth . (2007, July 9). USGS. Retrieved January 16, 2013, from http//pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.htmlAge of the creative activity . (2012, December 27). The Age of the Elements . Retrieved January 16, 2013, from http//www.astro.ucla.edu/wright/age.htmlHow did the Earth form? The Planets and our solar System. (2013, January 1). UK2Planets The Planets in our Solar System. Retrieved January 16, 2013, from http//www.uk2planets.org.uk/how-did-the-earth-form/How old is the Universe?. (2012, December 21). Universe 101 . Retrieved January 16, 2013, from http//map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_agLifes OriginsEarly earth was not a place for ideal living because it was a fire and hell- deal environment. So much so, that scientists even called it Hadean eon, which is an ancient Greek word for conquer under. It was a place with many volcanoes and some scientists even say there were co ntinental crusts and oceans. Even though it was extremely hot, scientists hurl found that some bacteria could survive these extreme conditions. According to Watson, by using zirconium silicate crystals, they could tell that archeozoic earth had a definite wet temperature. The ambiance consisted of carbon dioxide, water, and volcanic gases. Today, not as many volcanoes exist. No virtuoso really knows when life was originated. Asteroids whitethorn concur hit from time to time, having an matter on lifes atmosphere by causing fundamental molecules to synthesize. RNA and DNA are the genetic material for all life, and they are made up of long chains of nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus atoms. An important step in the origin of life is the mightiness of all living things to reproduce. Starting with RNA being able to self-replicate itself, we consequently evolve into being able to pass genetic material onto offspring, and th en natural selection.Miller and Urey built an apparatus filled with water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, but no oxygen. They hypothesized that this was the mixture of the atmosphere of early earth and boiled and condensed the water to hang on it circulating. Miller and Urey kept this going for a week and used paper chromatography to be able to show that many amino acids and some other organic molecules were now in the flask. Many other scientists have well-tried this experiment and found that amino acids, protein molecules, adenine, and other nucleic acid bases were present.Some theories provoke an electric spark could have helped generate these amino acids and sugars in the atmosphere, others intimate the first origins of life could have met on clay. Alexander Graham Cairns- smith says clay could help the organic compounds become concentrated and organize into patterns mistakable to genes today. Some scientists theorized that life was brought from somewhere else in space rathe r than ancestor on earth, which is also known as panspermia. In reality, no one is sure of how life began because no one was around to know, but these theories have helped us gain a sense of fascination and knowledge of how life was originated.References7 Theories on the Origin of Life Live experience . (n.d.). Science News Science Articles and Current Events LiveScience . Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http//www.livescience.com/13363-7-theories-origin-life.htmlEarly Earth Not So Hellish, New teaching Suggests LiveScience . (n.d.). Science News Science Articles and Current Events LiveScience . Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http//www.livescience.com/241-early-earth-hellish-study- kick ups.htmlHow did life originate?. (n.d.). apprehensiveness Evolution. Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http//evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/origsoflife_04Miller and Ureys Experiment and Molecules of life. (n.d.). Anthropological Study of Workers, occupational Health, Public Healt h, Textile Workers. Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http//anthropologicalstudy.blogspot.com/2011/03/miller-and-ureys-experiment-and.htmlThe Origin of Life. (n.d.). RCN D.C. Metro High-Speed Internet, Digital cable television service TV & Phone Service Provider. Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AbioticSynthesis.htmlAncient LifeRadiometric go out is used to date materials based on comparison between the spy abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay rate (1). Some different types are radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon dating, and uracil-lead dating. They provide important information about fossil ages and the rate of evolutionary changes. carbon 14 dating is used to bode the remains of materials with carbon as of 58000 to 62000 years ago (2). Potassium-argon dating is used to measure the product of radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium into argon. This method workings for calculating the a ge of samples a little over a few thousand years. Uranium-lead dating on the other hand, can estimate the age range of a sample from about 1 million to 4.5 billion years ago (3). This method has two separate decay chains, uranium series, and actinium series, occurring by a series of alpha decays. It is important to have different types of radiometric dating because the earth has been around for quite some time and a lot of changes has happened in each era, epoch, and eons.There was not as much oxygen dependency in earths early atmosphere as there is today. The result of oxygen presence is in general because of volcanic activity as well as oxygen producing organisms like cyanobacteria, in the oceans of early earth. Cyanobacteria as well as chromatic algae produced their energy anaerobically, release oxygen and taking in carbon dioxide, and releasing oxygen. Oxygen gained a permanent presence in earths atmosphere 2.45 billion years ago for the aerobic organisms that inhabited.When the plates of earths crust shift, along with their liquid layers below, this is called plate tectonics. This results in how our continent and charge mass appears throughout time. Kenorland, one of the first supercontinents of early earth stony-broke up about 2.6 billion years ago. Another supercontinent called Columbia then formed about 1.8 years ago, and after that Rodinia formed from Columbias remains, that broke 550 million years ago. The breaking of these supercontinents caused the earth to have freeze temperatures. Oceans broke out and then Pangea formed and split into two supercontinents called Laurasia and Gondwana. Laurasia consists of what is now North America, Asia, Europe, and Gondwana of South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia. These continents in time spread and broke to form what we have today.Mass extinctions are when a species has become wiped out. There have been about five mass extinctions that have occurred so far. The first that occurred was d uring the Paleozoic era which was the end of the Ordovician. Scientist found that 60% of terrestrial and marine lives had disappeared out of nowhere. The next mass extinction was the late Devonian. The environment no womb-to-tomb provided enough for the survival of these organisms. The third mass extinction was the end of the Permian during the Mesozoic era, where scientist found that 85.5% of all marine species became extinct. The Triassic extinction is the fourth one that happened in the Mesozoic era. Marine invertebrates population lessen by 50%. The last mass extinction caused the dinosaurs, as well as plants and other tropical marine life to die out during the Cenozoic era. Global temperature and oceans caused flooding for 40% of all continents.One theory is that because of the quick change of CO2 in the atmosphere, mass extinction occurred. age CO2 in the atmosphere changed, surface layers in the deep oceans began to sink. CO2 increased too rapidly for creatures to adapt in time. Some theories suggest an asteroid caused some mass extinction, hitting the earth. The asteroid might have blocked the suns rays or cause the earths temperature to rise too high. Periods of intense speciation happens because of mutations. Mutations come from ionizing radiation and other factors. Species that do survive, mutate and cause this speciation. Some researchers say that Earth is hitting the 6th mass extinction because many species are endangered and decreasing population. Researchers also found that major mammals have become more and more rare that they could be extinct in about 30 years. These endangered species, researchers found, may be the result of human activities like habitat destruction and hunting. So, we are basically in a sixth mass extinction, because human bunco the main cause.ReferencesBiello, D. (2009, August). The Origin of Oxygen in Earths Atmosphere. scientific American. Retrieved from http//www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=origin-of-oxyg en-in-atmospherePlastino, W. Kaihola, L. Bartolomei, P. Bella, F. (2001). Cosmic Background Reduction In The Radiocarbon Measurement By Scintillation spectroscopy At The Underground Laboratory Of Gran Sasso. Radiocarbon 43 (2A) 157161.Parrish, Randall R. Noble, Stephen R., 2003. Zircon U-Th-Pb Geochronology by Isotope Dilution Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ID-TIMS). In Zircon (eds. J. Hanchar and P. Hoskin). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America. 183-213.Wilkins, A. (2011, January). A History of Supercontinents on Planet Earth. io9. Retrieved from http//io9.com/5744636/a-geological-history-of-supercontinents-on-planet-earth