Groups And Group Development Commerce Essay

mathematical pigeonholings And conference Development Commerce EssayMany people used the word police squad and group interchangeably, but thither ar actually a differences between the word police squad and group. It is much easier to form a group than a group. In group, they could be grouped according to gender, experience, come on or different common factors. Although the stiffness of the group may be variable, but forming a group just found on a authorized commonality is not particularly difficult. A groups strength may come from sheer volume or willingingness to carry out a single leadership commands. On the other hand, a team can be more difficult to form. The members will selected for their complementary skills, not a single commonality. In a team, each member has a purpose and a function. So the overall success depends on a functional interpersonal dynamic. When nameing in concert in this way, there is usually not as much room for departure. A teams strengt h depends on the commonality of purpose and interconnectivity between individual members.GROUPS AND GROUP developmentAlthough most groups atomic number 18nt formed for such dishonest purposes, the success of this group at its surviveing class was impressive (Stephen and Mary, 2007). Managers would like their groups to be successful at their tasks and the first whole step is understanding what is a group and how its develop.2.1 host Definitionharmonize to Stephen and Mary (2009), a group can be defined as two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve ad hoc goals. . Although a groups often have goals, but theres not state that group members must plow a goal or motivation.2.2 Types of GroupThere argon two guinea pigs of group which is buckram group and informal group. Formal group will goalated puzzle out assignments and specific tasks directed at accomplishing organizational goals and defined by an organizations structure. There are f our examples of formal transaction groups ( Sidin J.P, 2011) Command group groups that are firm by the organization chart and composed of individuals who report directly to a given manager.Task group groups composed of individuals brought together to complete a specific job task.Cross-functional teams groups that bring together the knowledge and skills of individuals various work areas of groups whose members have been trained to do each others job.Self-managed teams groups that are essentially independent and that, in add-on to their own tasks, take on traditional managerial responsibilities, such as hiring, planning and scheduling, and evaluating performance.While informal groups are group-based sociable elements. These groups occur naturally in the workplace and is more concerned with friendship and common fills. A friendship group is friend who do many activities together and it is relatively permanent and informal, and its benefits from the social relationship among its members. Meanwhile, the common interest such as bowling group and womens network is relatively temporary and is organized around an activity or interest shared by its members.2.3 Stage of Group Developmenthttp//gmx.xmu.edu.cn/ews/business/ trouble/ABrobbins4_15_09.gifExhibit 2.1 Stage of Group Development ( Sidin J. P. , 2011)2.3.1 formingForming stage is the first stage in group development. This stage has two phases. In a formal group, people join because of most work assignment. The second phase begins when the people joined the formal group. Then these people define the groups purpose, structure, and leadership. This stage is complete when members begin to think of themselves as part of a group.2.3.2 stormingWhen group members get to know each other better, the storming stage begins. This storming stage named because of the intragroup conflict that occurs over who will control the group and what the group needs to be doing. This stage is characterized by a call down for power . There are six characteristics of the storming stage which is competition, strained relationships, leader is challenged, tension and disunity, differences are uncomfortable, and the issues of autonomy vs. control support vs. competition influence decision-making. When this stage is complete, there is a relatively clean-living hierarchy of leadership and agreement on the groups direction.2.3.3 normingThe norming stage is one in which close relationship develop and the group sound glutinous and has begun to be effective. Theres now a strong sense of group identity and camaraderie. This stage will be complete when the group structure has been assimilated as a common set of expectations roughly behavior and become solid. There are some characteristics about this stage Issues of strengthening relationships, open communication, plus/ reconstructive feedback.Increased cohesionEmerging trustMore collaborationAppreciation of differences2.3.4 performingThe fourth stage of group develop ment is performing. Many groups never irritate the performing stage. This is the stage at which would be an excellent customer service and to create an impressive examples. The group structure is in place and evaluate by group members. In this stage, characteristics include productivity, full development of the potential of the group and the individuals in the group, harmony and effective problem-solving. This is the last stage of development for permanent work groups.2.3.5 adjourningThe final stage is adjourning. In this stage, the group prepares to disband. Group members will react in some way that is independent of a confident and excited about the performance of their group. While, others may be sad over the loss of camaraderie and friendship. Thats why more attention is focused on wrapping activities rather than task performance.WORK GROUP PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTIONA work group is include the organizations strategy, authority relationships, formal rules and regulations, the availability of resources, employee selection criteria, the performance management arrangement and culture, and the general physical layout of the groups work space. Thats mean a work group was affected by external conditions (Stephen and Mary, 2009).Exhibit 3.1 Group process Satisfaction Model (Sidin J. P. , 2011)3.1 Group Member ResourcesGroup member resources is a groups performance potential that depends on a large extent on the resources each individual brings that group. These resources include nature traits, knowledge, skills, and abilities. They will determine what members can do and how effectively they perform in that group. There especially conflict management and resolution, communication, and collaborative problem solving in interpersonal skills. Its consistently emerge as classic to perform well in a work group. The group performance excessively affected by record traits because they strongly influence how an individual will interact with the other group member s.3.2 Group Structure ferment group arent unorganized crowds. They have an knowledgeable structure that shapes members behavior and influences group performance. The structure defines roles, norms, conformity, status systems, group size, group ropiness, and leadership.RolesA role refers to behavior patterns expected of someone occupying a given power in a social unit. In an organization, managers arent the only one individual who play the various roles. In a group, individuals are expected to do certain things because of their position in the group. Besides that, the different expectations of these roles, make the employees face role conflict.3.2.2 NormsAll groups have norms. A norm is a standards or expectations that are accepted and shared by a groups members (Stephen and Mary,2009). Norms that exist within the group structure emphasizes such things as punctuality, work output, absenteeism, speed to complete the work, and the amount of socializing at work. Norms that exist wit hin the group structure will enhance the action of antisocial individuals.ConformityEach individual would like to be accepted by the society around. As well as individuals who are in a group in the organization. However, they are too afraid not accepted by other group members, then the vulnerability pressure to conform. Early experiments done by Solomon Asch demonstrated the impact of the conformity has on an individuals attitudes and judgment. Next, people tend to welcome it more pleasant to agree than to be disruptive even it will improve the groups effectiveness. So we conform. But conformity can go too furthermost when an individuals opinion differs significant from the others in that group. When this happens, a phenomenon that known as groupthink will appear. Groupthink will occur when there is a clear identity, group perceives a corporate threat to positive image and members will hold this positive group image that they want to protect.Exhibit 3.2 Examples of Aschs Cards ( Sidin J. P. , 2011)Status SystemsStatus systems are an classical factor in understanding groups. Status is a position, rank within a group and a prestige grading. Status can be officially and colloquially. Status is formally and its important to employees believe that the organizations formal status systems is congruent. Theres consistency between the status symbols he or she receives from the organization and the perceived ranking of an individual. While, the informally of the status systems is may be conferred by characteristic such as skill, education, or experiences. Anything can have status value if the members of the group evaluate it that way. Group members have no problem to placing into status category. Usually the group members will agree about who has low or extravagantly status.Group SizeAccording to Moorhead and Griffin (2001), group size is the number of members of the group and have an important effect on performance. Group size will affect the number of resource s usable to perform the task, but the effect depends on what the group is supposed to accomplish. One important research finding related to group size concerns social idleness ( Stephen and Mary,2009). Social loafing is the tendency of some members of groups to put forth less effort in a group than they would when work alone. The implications of social loafing are significant. When managers use groups, they must identify the individual effort. If not, group productivity and individual satisfaction may decline.Group CohesivenessAccording to Moorhead and Griffin (2001), group cohesiveness is the extent to which a group is committed to remaining together. Group cohesiveness very important because its related with a groups productivity. Some research has generally shown that cohesive groups are more effective than less cohesive ones (Stephen and Mary, 2009) and the relationship between cohesiveness and effectiveness is complex. The more the members follow its goal, the more cohesive f or that group. A cohesive group is more productive than a less cohesive group when the goals are desirable. But, the productivity will decrease when the cohesiveness is high and attitudes are unfavorable. In this case, theres no significant effect on productivity when cohesiveness is low and goals are not supported.Exhibit 3.3 Group Cohesiveness and Productivity ( Sidin J. P. , 2011)Group ProcessesGroup processes are important to understanding work group because they will influence the performance and satisfaction positively or vetoly. The synergy of four people on marketing research team who are able to generate more ideas than work individually is an example of positive process factor. While, the group that have negative process factor such as social loafing, poor communication and high levels of conflict, that may hinder the effectiveness of the group. There are two important group process Group decision-makingIts an organization that doesnt use task forces, review panels, stud y team or other similar groups to making a decision. In group decision-making, there are such of advantage to do it. Some of that is groups can generate more knowledge and compete information for their work. Besides that, they will have an experience when work in group to make a decision process that an individual cannot. In addition, groups will increase legitimacy. Decision make in a group more legitimacy than decisions that made by self. While, the disadvantage to do this group decision-making is that almost group always take more time to reach a solution than would an individual. Another disadvantage is the critical thinking that group think can determine will harm the graphic symbol of final decision. If we want to determine whether groups are effective at making decision, it depends on the criteria that used to assess effectiveness. The group decision may work stovepipe when its creativity, accuracy, and degree of acceptance are important. Beside of that, the decision effect iveness is influenced by the group size.Exhibit 3.4 Creative Group Decision Making ( Sidin J. P. , 2011) negate managementConflict is perceived incompatible differences that result in interference or opposition (Stephen and Mary, 2009). In conflict management, there are three different views such as traditional view of conflict, human relations view of conflict, and interactionist view of conflict. The traditional view of conflict is the view that all conflict is bad and must be avoided. Meanwhile, the human relations view of conflict is the conflict that is natural and inevitable outcome in any group but has potential to be positive force in contributing to a groups performance. The interactionist view of conflict is the most recent view. Its proposes that not only be a positive force in a group, but some conflict is absolutely necessary for the group to perform effectively.Exhibit 3.5 Conflict and Group Performance (Sidin J. P. , 2011)There are more conflict such as functional c onflicts, dysfunctional conflicts, task conflicts, relationship conflicts, and process conflict because the interactionist view doesnt suggest that all conflicts are good.Exhibit 3.6 Conflict- management Techniques ( Sidin J.P, 2011)3.3 Group TaskGroup task are either simple and complex. Simple task are standardized and routine. While, complex task tends non-routine or to be novel. Its appear when the more group benefits from group discussion about alternative work methods, so the more complex of that tasks. In this situation, group members will trust on standard operating procedures and no need to discuss such alternatives for a simple task. Thus, the tasks are complex and interdependent when effective communication and controlled conflict are most relevant to group performance.4.0 TURNING GROUPS INTO EFFECTIVE TEAMSFrom group there will turning to teams. In teams all of the members will working together to achieve the common goals. A team is not just a people who work at the sam e time in the same place. most(prenominal) of the people that work in a team are not all equal in talent, education, or experience, but they are equal in one vitally important way. Team relationships fulfill that basic needs.4.1 Teams DefinitionAccording to Williams (2007), work team is a small number of people that work together with complementary skills who hold themselves usually accountable for pursuing a common purpose, improving interdependent work processes and achieving performance goals. In many industries, teams are importance because they help organizations respond to challenges and specific problems.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of nominate TeamIn work as a team, there will have a attractor of advantages and disadvantages. The advantages when work as a team isImproved customer satisfactionImproved product and services qualityImproved speed and efficiency in product developmentEmployee job satisfactionBetter decision making and problem solvingMeanwhile, the disadvan tages of work as a team is Initially high employee turnoverSocial loafingDisadvantages of group decision such as groupthink, inefficient meetings, domination by a minority, and lack of accountability.4.3 Groups Versus Teams seduce teamsWork groups leading role is shared.One leader clearly in charge.Accountable to self and team.Accountable only to self.Team creates specific purpose.Purposed is same as broader organizational purpose.Work is done collectivelyWork is done individually.Meetings characterized by open- ended discussion and collaborative problem-solving.Meetings characterized by efficiency no collaboration or open-ended discussion.Performance is measured directly by evaluating collective work output.Performance is measured indirectly according to its influence on others.Work is decided upon and done together.Work is decided upon by group leader and delegated to individual group members.Table 4.1 Source J. R. Katzenbach and D. K. Smith. The Wisdom of Teams, Harvard Business Review, July-August 2005, p.161.4.4 Types Of TeamsTeams can do all of things. They can design products, coordinate projects, offer advice, provide services, negotiate deals, and make decisions (William, 2007). Work teams is a groups whose members work intensely on a specific, common goals, individual and mutual accountability, use their positive synergy, and complementary skills. There are several types of teamsTypes of teamExplanationProblem-solving teamsA team from the same functional area or department thats involved in efforts to solve specific problems or improve work activities.Self-managed work teamA type of work team that operates without a manager and is liable for a complete work segment or process.Cross-functional teamIt is a work team composed of individuals from various specialties.Virtual teamIts a type of work team that uses technology to link physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goals.Table 4.2 Types of team ( Sidin J. P. , 2011)4.5 Creating strong Work TeamsTeams are not always achieve high levels of performance and also not always effective. However, research on teams provide insight into the characteristics typically associated with effective work teams. There are nine of characteristics of effective teamsExhibit 4.1 Characteristics of potentness Teams (Sidin J. P. , 2011)CharacteristicExplanationClear goalsIt is a high performance team that has clear understanding of the goal to be achieved. The members in the team will know what theyre expected to accomplish, committed to the teams goal, and understand how they will work together to achieve these goals.relevant SkillsEffective teams are composed of competent individuals that have the necessary interpersonal and technical skills to achieve the desired goals while working well together. This is important because not everyone who is technically competent has the interpersonal skill to work as a team members.Mutual TrustThe effective teams are characterized by high mutual trust among the members. The members must believe in each others ability, integrity and character. This is because trust is fragile. So, maintaining trust requires careful attention by the managers.Unified CommitmentThis characteristic is characterized by dedication to a teams goals and a willingness to expend extraordinary amounts of energy to achieve them.Good CommunicationAll of the effective teams will characterized by the good communication. Members bear messages, verbally and non-verbally, between each other in ways that are readily and clearly understood and the feedback will helps to guide team members and correct misunderstanding.Negotiating SkillsEffective team will making adjustments to who does what and this requires team members to posses negotiating. This is because the problems and relationships are regularly changing in teams, and members need to be able confront and reconcile differences,Appropriate leadersBy clarifying goals, demonstrating that change is p ossible by increasing the self-confidence of team members, overcoming criteria, and helping members to more fully realize their potential.Internal SupportThe team should have sound infrastructure, which means proper training, a clear and reasonable measurement systems that team members can use to evaluate their overall performance, a certificatory human resources system, and an incentive program that recognizes and rewards team activities.External SupportIn external support, managers should provide the team with resources needed to get the job done.Table 4.3 Characteristics of Effective Teams and The Explanation (Stephen and Mary, 2007)CHALLENGES IN MANAGING TEAMSManagers can build effective teams by understanding what influences the satisfaction and performance. But, manager will also face some current challenges in managing team, primarily to those that associated with managing world-wide teams and with understanding organizational social networks ( Stephen and Mary, 2007).5.1 Managing Global TeamsThere are two characteristics of todays organizations are obvious such as world(a) and work is increasingly done by teams. That means that any manager would like to manage a global team. There are drawbacks and benefits in using the global teams.DrawbacksBenefitsDisliking team members.Greater diversity of ideas.Mistrusting team members.Limited groupthink.Stereotyping.Increased attention on understanding others ideas, perspectives, etc.Communication problems.Stress and tension.Table 5.1 Global teams (source based on N. Adler, International Dimensions in Organizational Behavior, 4Th Edition, pp.141-147)In addition, by using our group model as a framework, we can see some of the issues associated with managing global teams such asGroup Member Resources in Global Teams.In global organizations, understanding the relationship between group performance and group member resources is especially challenging because the unique cultural characteristics represented by membe rs of a global teams (Stephen Mary, 2007). In addition, managers need to be familiar with the team members abilities, skills, knowledge, and personality to clearly understand the cultural characteristics of the group members that they manage.Group Structure.Some of the structural areas where we see differences in managing global teams include social loafing, cohesiveness, status, and conformity. Social loafing has a Western bias(Stephen Mary, 2007). Its consistent with individualistic cultures, such as the U. S. and Canada, which is dominated by self-interest but not consistent with collectivistic societies, in which individuals are motivated by group goals ( Sidin J. P., 2011). Cohesiveness is another group structural element with which managers will face the special challenges and its often more difficult to achieve because of the higher(prenominal) levels of mistrust, miscommunication, and stress. For status, it is important in France and depends on social origin and also the countries that have differ on the criteria that confer status. Besides that, to manage global teams, conformity also findings generalizable across culture. As might as expected, conformity to social norms tends to be higher in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures ( Sidin J.P., 2011).Group Processes.The process that global teams use to do their work can be particularly challenging for managers and for one thing communication issues often arise because not all team members may be fluent in the teams working language (Sidin J. P., 2011). This particular situation will lead to inaccuracies, inefficiencies, and misunderstanding. However, managing conflict in global teams isnt easy, especially when those teams are virtual teams because conflict can interfere with how a team uses information (Stephen Mary, 2007).The Managers Role.There are things that managers can do to provide a group with an environs in which effectiveness and efficiency are enhanced. First of all, because communication skills are vital, so managers should focus on developing those skills (Sidin J.P., 2011). Also, managers must consider cultural differences when deciding the type of global team to use. Finally, its vital that managers be sensitive to the unique differences of each member of a global team ( Stephen Mary,2007).CONCLUSIONAs a conclusion, work as a group will have a strong, clearly focused leader who had individual accountability and also have a purpose thats the same as the broader organizational mission. While, work as a team have some following characteristic such as, shared leadership roles, specific team purpose and so on.From this chapter, we know that group is two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve specific goals ( Stephen Mary, 2007). While, team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to common purpose, common performance goals, and an approach for which they hold themselves mu tually accountable (Griffin, 2006).Ginny V Lee in his article From Group to Team have said that in teams, they will shared the common purpose and goal. Besides that, team members also are interdependent because they understand that they need to work well as a unit inorder to complete their task. Ginny also said that skilled facilitation moves a group from a collection of individuals to an effective team.